Q1: List possible problems of software engineering.

Ans:

• The challenge of maintaning and updating this software in such a way that excessive costs are avoided and essential business services continue to be delivered.
• The challenge of developing techniques to build dependable software which is flexible enough to cope with this heterogeneity.
• The challenge of shortening delivery times for large and complex systems without compromising system quality.

 

Q2: What is emergent Properties?

Ans:

     Emergent properties of a system are properties that are characteristic of the system as a whole rather than of its component parts. They include properties such as performance, reliability, usability, safety, and security.  The succes or failure of a system is often dependent on these emergent properties.

 

Q3: Examples of emergent properties.

Ans:

• The everall weight of the system

                   - An emergent property that can be computed from individual component properties.

• The reliability of the system

                  - This depends on the reliability of the system components and the relationships between the components.

• The usability of a system

                  - This is a very complex property which is not simply dependent on the system hardware and software but also depends of the system operators and the environment were it used.

 

Q4: Identify the types of emergent properties.

Ans:

1. Functional properties that appear when all the parts of a system work together to achieve some objective.
2. Non-functional emergent properties such as  reliability, performance, safety and security. These related to yhe behavior of the system in its operetional environment.